Use of the SHAKE One-Way Hash
Functions in the Cryptographic Message Syntax (CMS)
Cisco Systems
pkampana@cisco.com
NIST
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Gaithersburg
MD
20899
United States of America
quynh.Dang@nist.gov
General
LAMPS WG
SHAKEs in CMS
SHAKE
CMS with SHAKEs
This document updates the "Cryptographic Message Syntax (CMS)
Algorithms"
(RFC 3370) and describes the conventions for using the SHAKE family of
hash functions in the Cryptographic Message Syntax as one-way hash
functions with the RSA Probabilistic Signature Scheme (RSASSA-PSS)
and Elliptic Curve Digital Signature Algorithm (ECDSA). The
conventions for the associated signer public keys in CMS are also
described.
Introduction
"Cryptographic Message Syntax (CMS)" describes syntax used to
digitally sign, digest, authenticate, or encrypt arbitrary message contents.
"Cryptographic Message Syntax (CMS) Algorithms"
defines the use of common cryptographic algorithms with CMS. This
specification updates RFC 3370 and describes the use of the SHAKE128 and SHAKE256
specified in as new hash functions in CMS. In addition,
it describes the use of these functions with the RSA Probabilistic
Signature Scheme (RSASSA-PSS) signature
algorithm and the Elliptic Curve Digital Signature
Algorithm (ECDSA) with the CMS signed-data content type.
In the SHA-3 family, two extendable-output functions (SHAKEs), SHAKE128 and SHAKE256,
are defined. Four other hash function instances (SHA3-224, SHA3-256,
SHA3-384, and SHA3-512) are also defined but are out of scope for this document.
A SHAKE is a variable-length hash function defined as SHAKE(M, d) where the
output is a d-bit-long digest of message M. The corresponding collision and second-preimage-resistance strengths for SHAKE128 are min(d/2,128) and min(d,128) bits,
respectively (see Appendix A.1 of ). And the
corresponding collision and second-preimage-resistance
strengths for SHAKE256 are min(d/2,256) and min(d,256) bits, respectively.
In this specification, we use d=256 (for SHAKE128) and d=512 (for SHAKE256).
A SHAKE can be used in CMS as the message digest function (to hash the
message to be signed) in RSASSA-PSS and ECDSA, as the message
authentication code, and as the mask generation function (MGF) in RSASSA-PSS.
This specification describes the identifiers for SHAKEs to be used in
CMS and their meanings.
Terminology
The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL
NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "NOT RECOMMENDED",
"MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as
described in BCP 14
when, and only when, they appear in all capitals, as shown here.
Identifiers
This section identifies eight new object identifiers (OIDs)
for using SHAKE128 and SHAKE256 in CMS.
Two object identifiers for SHAKE128 and SHAKE256 hash functions are defined
in , and we include them here for convenience.
In this specification, when using the id-shake128 or id-shake256 algorithm identifiers, the parameters MUST be absent. That is, the identifier SHALL be a SEQUENCE of one component, the OID.
defines two identifiers for RSASSA-PSS signatures using SHAKEs, which we include here for
convenience.
The same RSASSA-PSS algorithm identifiers can be used for identifying
public keys and signatures.
also defines two algorithm
identifiers of ECDSA signatures using SHAKEs, which we include here for
convenience.
The parameters for the four RSASSA-PSS and ECDSA identifiers
MUST be absent. That is, each identifier SHALL be a SEQUENCE of one component,
the OID.
In , the National
Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) defines two object
identifiers for Keccak message authentication codes (KMACs) using SHAKE128 and SHAKE256,
and we include them here for convenience.
The parameters for id-KmacWithSHAKE128 and id-KmacWithSHAKE256 are OPTIONAL.
Sections , , , and specify
the required output length for each use of SHAKE128 or SHAKE256 in
message digests, RSASSA-PSS, ECDSA, and KMAC.
Use in CMS
Message Digests
The id-shake128 and id-shake256 OIDs (see ) can
be used as the digest algorithm identifiers located in the SignedData,
SignerInfo, DigestedData, and the AuthenticatedData digestAlgorithm fields
in CMS . The OID encoding MUST omit the parameters field and the output length of SHAKE128 or SHAKE256 as the message digest MUST be 32 or 64 bytes, respectively.
The digest values are located in the DigestedData field and the Message
Digest authenticated attribute included in the signedAttributes of the
SignedData signerInfos. In addition, digest values are input to
signature algorithms. The digest algorithm MUST be the same as the
message hash algorithms used in signatures.
Signatures
In CMS, signature algorithm identifiers are located in the SignerInfo
signatureAlgorithm field of signed-data content type and countersignature attribute.
Signature values are located in the SignerInfo signature field of
signed-data content type and countersignature attribute.
Conforming implementations that process RSASSA-PSS and
ECDSA with SHAKE signatures when processing CMS data MUST recognize the
corresponding OIDs specified in .
When using RSASSA-PSS or ECDSA with SHAKEs, the RSA modulus or ECDSA
curve order SHOULD be chosen in line with the SHAKE output length. Refer to for more details.
RSASSA-PSS Signatures
The RSASSA-PSS algorithm is defined in .
When id-RSASSA-PSS-SHAKE128 or id-RSASSA-PSS-SHAKE256 (specified in )
is used, the encoding MUST omit the parameters field. That is,
the AlgorithmIdentifier SHALL be a SEQUENCE of one component:
id-RSASSA-PSS-SHAKE128 or id-RSASSA-PSS-SHAKE256.
defines RSASSA-PSS-params that are used to define the algorithms and inputs
to the algorithm.
This specification does not use parameters because the
hash, mask generation algorithm, trailer, and salt are embedded in
the OID definition.
The hash algorithm used to hash a message being signed and the hash
algorithm as the mask generation function used in RSASSA-PSS MUST be
the same: both SHAKE128 or both SHAKE256. The output length of
the hash algorithm that hashes the message SHALL be 32 (for SHAKE128)
or 64 bytes (for SHAKE256).
The mask generation function takes an octet string of variable
length and a desired output length as input, and outputs an octet
string of the desired length. In RSASSA-PSS with SHAKEs, the SHAKEs
MUST be used natively as the MGF, instead of the MGF1
algorithm that uses the hash function in multiple iterations, as
specified in . In other words, the MGF is defined as the
SHAKE128 or SHAKE256 with input being the mgfSeed for
id-RSASSA-PSS-SHAKE128 and id-RSASSA-PSS-SHAKE256,
respectively.
The mgfSeed is an octet string used as the seed to generate
the mask . As explained in Step 9 of
, the
output length of the MGF is emLen - hLen - 1 bytes. emLen is the
maximum message length ceil((n-1)/8), where n is the RSA modulus in
bits. hLen is 32 and 64 bytes for id-RSASSA-PSS-SHAKE128 and
id-RSASSA-PSS-SHAKE256, respectively. Thus, when SHAKE is used as
the MGF, the SHAKE output length maskLen is (8*emLen - 264) or
(8*emLen - 520) bits, respectively. For example, when RSA modulus n
is 2048, the output length of SHAKE128 or SHAKE256 as the MGF will
be 1784 or 1528 bits when id-RSASSA-PSS-SHAKE128 or
id-RSASSA-PSS-SHAKE256 is used, respectively.
The RSASSA-PSS saltLength MUST be 32 bytes for id-RSASSA-PSS-SHAKE128
or 64 bytes for id-RSASSA-PSS-SHAKE256.
Finally, the trailerField MUST be 1, which represents the trailer
field with hexadecimal value 0xBC .
ECDSA Signatures
The Elliptic Curve Digital Signature Algorithm (ECDSA) is defined in
. When the id-ecdsa-with-shake128 or id-ecdsa-with-shake256
(specified in ) algorithm identifier appears, the
respective SHAKE function is used as the hash.
The encoding MUST omit the parameters field. That is, the AlgorithmIdentifier
SHALL be a SEQUENCE of one component, the OID id-ecdsa-with-shake128 or
id-ecdsa-with-shake256.
For simplicity and compliance with the ECDSA standard
specification ,
the output length of the hash function must be explicitly determined.
The output length for SHAKE128 or SHAKE256 used in ECDSA MUST be 32
or 64 bytes, respectively.
Conforming Certification Authority (CA) implementations that generate ECDSA with SHAKE signatures
in certificates or Certificate Revocation Lists (CRLs) SHOULD generate such signatures with a
deterministically generated, nonrandom k in accordance with all
the requirements specified in .
They MAY also generate such signatures
in accordance with all other recommendations in or
if they have a stated policy that requires
conformance to those standards. Those standards have not specified
SHAKE128 and SHAKE256 as hash algorithm options. However, SHAKE128 and
SHAKE256 with output length being 32 and 64 octets, respectively, can
be used instead of 256 and 512-bit output hash algorithms, such as SHA256
and SHA512.
Public Keys
In CMS, the signer's public key algorithm identifiers are located in the
OriginatorPublicKey's algorithm attribute.
The conventions and encoding for RSASSA-PSS and ECDSA
public keys algorithm identifiers are as specified in
,
,
and .
Traditionally, the rsaEncryption object identifier is used to
identify RSA public keys. The rsaEncryption object identifier
continues to identify the public key when the RSA private
key owner does not wish to limit the use of the public key
exclusively to RSASSA-PSS with SHAKEs. When the RSA private key
owner wishes to limit the use of the public key exclusively
to RSASSA-PSS, the AlgorithmIdentifier for RSASSA-PSS defined
in SHOULD be used as the algorithm attribute
in the OriginatorPublicKey sequence. Conforming client
implementations that process RSASSA-PSS with SHAKE public keys
in CMS message MUST recognize the corresponding OIDs in .
Conforming implementations MUST specify and process the
algorithms explicitly by using the OIDs specified in
when encoding ECDSA with SHAKE
public keys in CMS messages.
The identifier parameters, as explained in ,
MUST be absent.
Message Authentication Codes
Keccak message authentication code (KMAC) is specified in .
In CMS, KMAC algorithm identifiers are located in the AuthenticatedData
macAlgorithm field. The KMAC values are located in the AuthenticatedData mac field.
When the id-KmacWithSHAKE128 or id-KmacWithSHAKE256 OID
is used as the MAC algorithm identifier, the parameters field is optional
(absent or present). If absent, the SHAKE256 output length used in KMAC is
32 or 64 bytes, respectively, and the customization string is an empty string by default.
Conforming implementations that process KMACs with the SHAKEs
when processing CMS data MUST recognize these identifiers.
When calculating the KMAC output, the variable N is 0xD2B282C2, S
is an empty string, and L (the integer representing the requested output
length in bits) is 256 or 512 for KmacWithSHAKE128 or KmacWithSHAKE256,
respectively, in this specification.
IANA Considerations
One object identifier for the ASN.1 module in
was updated in the "Structure of Management Information (SMI) Security for S/MIME Module Identifier
(1.2.840.113549.1.9.16.0)" registry:
Decimal |
Description |
References |
70 |
CMSAlgsForSHAKE-2019 |
RFC 8702 |
Security Considerations
This document updates . The security considerations
section of that document applies to this specification as well.
NIST has defined appropriate use of the hash functions in terms of the algorithm
strengths and expected time frames for secure use in Special Publications (SPs)
and .
These documents can be used as guides to choose appropriate key sizes
for various security scenarios.
SHAKE128 with an output length of 32 bytes offers 128 bits of collision
and preimage resistance. Thus, SHAKE128 OIDs in this specification are
RECOMMENDED with a 2048- (112-bit security) or 3072-bit
(128-bit security) RSA modulus or curves with a group order of 256 bits
(128-bit security). SHAKE256 with a 64-byte output length offers 256 bits
of collision and preimage resistance. Thus, the SHAKE256 OIDs in this
specification are RECOMMENDED with 4096-bit RSA modulus
or higher or curves with group order of at least 512 bits, such as NIST
curve P-521 (256-bit security). Note that we recommended a 4096-bit RSA
because we would need a 15360-bit modulus for 256 bits of security, which is impractical for today's technology.
When more than two parties share the same message-authentication key,
data origin authentication is not provided. Any party that knows the
message-authentication key can compute a valid MAC; therefore, the
content could originate from any one of the parties.
References
Normative References
SHA-3 Standard: Permutation-Based Hash and Extendable-Output Functions
National Institute of Standards and
Technology (NIST)
SHA-3 Derived Functions: cSHAKE, KMAC, TupleHash and ParallelHash
National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)
Informative References
Computer Security Objects Register
National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)
Public Key Cryptography for the Financial Services Industry: the Elliptic Curve Digital Signature Algorithm (ECDSA)
American National Standard for Financial Services (ANSI)
Cryptographic Algorithms and Key Sizes for Personal Identity Verification
National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)
Recommendation for Applications Using Approved Hash Algorithms
National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)
SEC 1: Elliptic Curve Cryptography
Standards for Efficient Cryptography Group
ASN.1 Module
This appendix includes the ASN.1 modules for SHAKEs in CMS.
This module includes some ASN.1 from other standards for reference.
Acknowledgements
This document is based on 's document
.
It replaces SHA3 hash functions by SHAKE128 and SHAKE256, as the LAMPS
WG agreed.
The authors would like to thank for his guidance and
very valuable contributions with the ASN.1 module. Valuable
feedback was also provided by Eric Rescorla.